Etiology

• Disc Degeneration → lumbar spinal stenosis

Classification

• Flexion-aggregated (FA)
  • Residual nerve root involvement – unusual presentation
• Flexion-relieved (FR)
  • neurogenic claudication – common presentation

Presentation

History

• Pain is leg-dominant.
• Leg pain is always intermittent.

Flexion-Aggravated (FA)

History

• Pain is leg dominant. Leg pain is intermittent.
• Leg pain is worse in flexion.

Physical Examination

• May have a positive irritative test and/or focal neurological deficits.
• Better with unloaded back extension movement or position → Positive predictor for responsiveness to mechanical back treatment

Flexion-Relieved (FR)

History: