Pathogenesis

For Both T1DM and 🍪T2DM diabetes, as they result from chronic ↑ Hyperglycemia (> 7)

• ↑ Hyperglycemia (> 7) + Ischemia
  • → Altered vascular permeability (leaky vessel) → Macular Edema → Blurry Vision
  • → Micro-aneurysm
  • → Capillary non-perfusion
  • → Increased VEGF → Neovascularization (End-stage, PDR)
• Consequence: blindness

SCD - Sickle Cell Disease (Crsis) can also cause proliferative retinopathy

Risk Factor

• Diabetes and co-morbidity
  • ↑ Hyperglycemia (> 7)
  • Longer duration of diabetes
  • ↑High BP
  • Anemia (↓Hb) (low Hb)
  • Proteinuria (I guess it indicate severe/longer duration of diabetes)
  • Dyslipidemia
  • Pre-existing severe retinopathy
• Pregnancy in T1DM

Stages

Presentation

Investigation

• Images Findings