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Signs and Symptoms

• Decreases in K+ = peripheral vasoconstriction = increased PVR = increased BP
• Weakness
• !Arrhythmia
  • Hypokalemia (↓ K) ECG : Long QT (> 460 in F, -10 in M)

Etiology

1. Decreased intake → contribute, not main cause
2. Intra-cellular shift
   • IV Insulin
   • SABA
   • Metabolic Alkalosis (ECFVD - Volume depletion → contraction alkalosis)→ Increase in HCO3 - Bicarbs
     • *2 Fold effect
3. Excess loss
   1. GI
      • Diarrhea
      • Excessive Laxatives use
   2. Renal: high Aldosterone + high flow to the duct
      • N/V - Nausea/vomitting → Metabolic Alkalosis → bicarbonaturia → as kidney removes bicarbs, it also removes cations such as K+
      • Diuretics use
        • Loop Diuretics (-ide)
        • Thiazide-like Diuretics
      • Genetic mutation
        • Bartter syndrome
        • Gitelman syndrome
      • Hyperaldosteronism ↑, Adrenal adenoma
        • • Secondary ↑High BP
        • Low Renin, high Aldosterone

Management

Acute

Chronic